The evidence
Sources
The 439 references behind this atlas: research papers, books, datasets and historical texts. Each links to the crop pages that cite it.
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Adhikari, L., Raupp, J., Wu, S., Wilson, D., Evers, B., Koo, D.-H., et al. (2022). Genetic characterization and curation of diploid A-genome wheat species. Plant Physiology 188(4): 2101–2114. doi:10.1093/plphys/kiac006
AfricaRice (2026). NERICA. www.africarice.org/innovations/varieties/nerica Accessed 10 November 2026.
Ahmad, N., Fatima, S., Mehmood, M., Zaman, Q., Atif, R., Zhou, W., et al. (2023). Targeted genome editing in polyploids: lessons from Brassica. Frontiers in Plant Science 14: 1152468. doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1152468
Ahmed, H. I., Heuberger, M., Schoen, A., Koo, D.-H., Quiroz-Chavez, J., Adhikari, L., et al. (2023). Einkorn genomics sheds light on history of the oldest domesticated wheat. Nature 620(7975): 830–838. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06389-7
Ahn, S.-M. (2010). The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: archaeobotanical perspectives. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2(2): 89–98. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0029-9
Albert, R. K., Kooiman, S. M., Clark, C. A. & Lovis, W. A. (2018). Earliest microbotanical evidence for maize in the northern Lake Michigan basin. American Antiquity 83(2): 345–355. doi:10.1017/aaq.2018.10
Allender, C., Allainguillaume, J., Lynn, J. & King, G. (2007). Simple sequence repeats reveal uneven distribution of genetic diversity in chloroplast genomes of Brassica oleracea L. and (n = 9) wild relatives. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 114(4): 609–618. doi:10.1007/s00122-006-0461-5
Altaweel, M. (2013). Simulating the effects of salinization on irrigation agriculture in southern Mesopotamia. In Models of Mesopotamian Landscapes: How small-scale processes contributed to the growth of early civilizations, 219–239. Oxford: Archaeopress. discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1412087/2/Altaweel_Simulating_the_effects_of_salinization_on_irrigation_agriculture_in_southern_Mesopotamia.pdf
Altaweel, M., Marsh, A., Jotheri, J., Hritz, C., Fleitmann, D., Rost, S., et al. (2019). NEW INSIGHTS ON THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS SHAPING SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA: FROM THE PRE-UBAID TO THE EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD. Iraq 81: 23–46. doi:10.1017/irq.2019.2
Alvarez, J. B. (2021). Spanish Spelt Wheat: From an Endangered Genetic Resource to a Trendy Crop. Plants 10(12): 2748. doi:10.3390/plants10122748
Anghiera, P. M. D. (1912). De Orbe Novo: The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr d'Anghera, vol. 1. Trans. MacNutt, F. A.. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12425
Anonymous (1912). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Schoff translation, Wikisource transcription). en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea Accessed 10 November 2026.
Arias, T., Niederhuth, C., McSteen, P. & Pires, J. (2021). The Molecular Basis of Kale Domestication: Transcriptional Profiling of Developing Leaves Provides New Insights Into the Evolution of a Brassica oleracea Vegetative Morphotype. Frontiers in Plant Science 12: 637115. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.637115
Arranz-Otaegui, A., Colledge, S., Zapata, L., Teira-Mayolini, L. C. & Ibáñez, J. J. (2016). Regional diversity on the timing for the initial appearance of cereal cultivation and domestication in southwest Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(49): 14001–14006. doi:10.1073/pnas.1612797113
Arranz-Otaegui, A., Gonzalez Carretero, L., Ramsey, M. N., Fuller, D. Q. & Richter, T. (2018). Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(31): 7925–7930. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801071115
Athenaeus (1854 [200]). The Deipnosophists, or Banquet of the Learned, vol. II. Trans. Yonge, C. D.. London: Henry G. Bohn. en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Deipnosophists_(Volume_2).djvu/162
Avni, R., Nave, M., Barad, O., Baruch, K., Twardziok, S. O., Gundlach, H., et al. (2017). Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Science 357(6346): 93–97. doi:10.1126/science.aan0032
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Bennett, K. D. (2015). Comment on “Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago”. Science 349(6245): 247–247. doi:10.1126/science.aab1886
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Benz, B. F. (2001). Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(4): 2104–2106. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104
Bessho-Uehara, K., Wang, D. R., Furuta, T., Minami, A., Nagai, K., Gamuyao, R., et al. (2016). Loss of function at RAE2, a previously unidentified EPFL, is required for awnlessness in cultivated Asian rice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113(32): 8969–8974. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604849113
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Blatter, R. H. E., Jacomet, S. & Schlumbaum, A. (2004). About the origin of European spelt (Triticum spelta L.): allelic differentiation of the HMW Glutenin B1-1 and A1-2 subunit genes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108(2): 360–367. doi:10.1007/s00122-003-1441-7
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Brouns, F., Geisslitz, S., Guzman, C., Ikeda, T. M., Arzani, A., Latella, G., et al. (2022). Do ancient wheats contain less gluten than modern bread wheat, in favour of better health?. Nutrition Bulletin 47(2): 157–167. doi:10.1111/nbu.12551
Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021). Towards next-generation rice: following the footprints of late academician Yuan Longping. bcas.cas.cn/head/202107/t20210701_273292.html Accessed 10 November 2026.
Cai, C., Bucher, J., Bakker, F. & Bonnema, G. (2022). Evidence for two domestication lineages supporting a middle-eastern origin for Brassica oleracea crops from diversified kale populations. Horticulture Research 9: uhac033. doi:10.1093/hr/uhac033
Candolle, A. P. D. (1824). Memoir on the different Species, Races, and Varieties of the Genus Brassica (Cabbage,) and of the Genera allied to it, which are cultivated in Europe. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London 5: 1–43. archive.org/download/mobot31753002640982/mobot31753002640982_djvu.txt
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Carney, J. A. (2001). Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=394069977011
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Cato the Elder (1934 [-160]). On Agriculture (De Agri Cultura), sections 156-157 (LacusCurtius transcription of the Loeb text). Trans. Hooper, W. D. & Ash, H. B.. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library). penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cato/De_Agricultura/K*.html
Cavalet-Giorsa, E., González-Muñoz, A., Athiyannan, N., Holden, S., Salhi, A., Gardener, C., et al. (2024). Origin and evolution of the bread wheat D genome. Nature 633(8031): 848–855. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07808-z
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Champion, L., Fuller, D. Q., Ozainne, S., Huysecom, É. & Mayor, A. (2021). Agricultural diversification in West Africa: an archaeobotanical study of the site of Sadia (Dogon Country, Mali). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13(4): 60. doi:10.1007/s12520-021-01293-5
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